"Heart Disease - An Overview"
Heart
Disease - An Overview
Heart disease refers to any condition affecting the heart. There are many types, some of which are preventable. Heart and blood vessel disease includes numerous problems, many of which are related to a process called atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a condition that develops when a substance called plaque builds up in the walls of the arteries. This buildup narrows the arteries, making it harder for blood to flow through. If a blood clot forms, it can block the blood flow. This can cause a heart attack or stroke.
According to W.H.O. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause
of death globally. An estimated 17.9 million people died from CVDs in 2019,
representing 32% of all global deaths. Of these deaths, 85% were due to heart
attack and stroke. Out of the 17 million premature deaths (under the age of 70)
due to noncommunicable diseases in 2019, 38% were caused by CVDs. Nearly a quarter (24.8 per
cent) of all deaths in India is due to CVDs. The annual number of deaths from
CVD in India is projected to rise from 2.26 million (1990) to 4.77 million
(2020). Case fatality due to CVD in low-income countries, including India,
appears to be much higher than in middle and high-income countries. In India,
for example, the mean age at which people get the first myocardial infarction
is 53 years, which is about 10 years earlier than their counterparts in
developed countries. Epidemiological
evidence suggests that CVD is associated with behavioural factors such as smoking,
alcohol use, low physical activity and insufficient vegetable and fruit intake.
Most cardiovascular diseases can be prevented by addressing behavioural
risk factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet and obesity, physical
inactivity and harmful use of alcohol. It is important to detect cardiovascular
disease as early as possible so that management with counselling and medicines
can begin. India is also
the fastest-growing economy in the world. Rural to urban migration that happens
in distress leads to over-crowded and unclean environments in urban slums.
Problems of inadequate housing, indoor pollution, infectious diseases,
inappropriate diet, stress and smoking crop up as a result.
The government should device an approach that can fill the gap between establishing a robust surveillance system, improving efficiency of care and health system preparedness to curb the CVD epidemic currently sweeping India. Attempts in direction to preserve the traditional lifestyle are also necessary.
Types
Heart disease
refers to any condition affecting the cardiovascular system. There are several
different types of heart disease and they affect the heart and blood vessels in
different ways.
Coronary artery disease
Coronary artery disease, also known
as coronary heart disease, is the most common type of
heart disease.
It develops when the arteries that
supply blood to the heart become clogged with plaque. This causes them to
harden and narrow. Plaque contains cholesterol and
other substances.
As a result, the blood supply reduces,
and the heart receives less oxygen and fewer nutrients. In time, the heart
muscle weakens and there is a risk of heart failure and arrhythmias.
When plaque builds up in the arteries,
it is called atheroscelerosis. Plaque in the arteries can rupture from
blockages and cause blood flow to stop, which can lead to a heart attack.
Congenital heart
defects
A person with a congenital
heart defect is
born with a heart problem. There are many types of congenital heart
defects, including:
- Atypical heart valves: Valves may not open properly,
or they may leak blood.
- Septal defects: There is a hole in the
wall between either the lower chambers or the upper chambers of the heart.
- Atresia: One of the heart valves
is missing.
Congenital heart disease can involve major structural
issues, such as the absence of a ventricle or problems with unusual connections
between the main arteries that leave the heart.
Many congenital heart defects do not cause any noticeable
symptoms and only become apparent during a routine medical check.
According to the American Heart
Association (AHA), heart murmurs often affect children, but only some
are due to a defect.
Arrhythmia
Arrhythmia refers to
an irregular heartbeat. It occurs when the electrical impulses that
coordinate the heartbeat do not work correctly. As a result, the heart may beat
too quickly, too slowly, or erratically.
There are various types of
arrhythmias, including:
- Tachycardia: This
refers to a rapid heartbeat.
- Bradycardia: This
refers to a slow heartbeat.
- Premature contractions: This
refers to an early heartbeat.
- Atrial fibrillation: This
is a type of irregular heartbeat.
A person may notice a feeling like a
fluttering or a racing heart.
In some cases, arrhythmias can be life threatening or have severe complications.
Dilated cardiomyopathy
In dilated cardiomyopathy, the
heart chambers become dilated, meaning that the heart muscle stretches and
becomes thinner. The most common causes of dilated cardiomyopathy are past
heart attacks, arrhythmias, and toxins, but genetics can also play a role.
As a result, the heart becomes weaker
and cannot pump blood properly. It can result in arrhythmia, blood clots in the
heart, and heart failure.
Myocardial
infarction
Also known as heart attack,
myocardial infarction involves an interruption of the blood flow to the heart.
This can damage or destroy part of the heart muscle.
The most common cause of heart attack
is plaque, a blood clot, or both in a coronary artery. It can also occur if an
artery suddenly narrows or spasms.
Heart failure
When a person has heart failure, their
heart is still working but not as well as it should
be. Congestive heart failure is a type of heart failure that can
occur from problems with the pumping or relaxing function.
Heart failure can result from
untreated coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, arrhythmias, and
other conditions. These conditions can affect the heart’s ability to pump or
relax properly.
Heart failure can be life threatening,
but seeking early treatment for heart-related conditions can help prevent
complications.
Hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy
This condition usually develops when a
genetic problem affects the heart muscle. It tends to be an inherited
condition.
The walls of the muscle thicken, and contractions
become harder. This affects the heart’s ability to take in and pump out blood.
In some cases, an obstruction can occur.
There may be no symptoms, and many
people do not receive a diagnosis. However, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can
worsen over time and lead to various heart problems.
Anyone with a family history of this
condition should ask for screening, as receiving treatment can help prevent
complications.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is
the main cause of cardiac death among young people and athletes under
35 years old, according to the AHA.
Mitral valve
regurgitation
This event occurs when the
mitral valve in the heart does not close tightly enough and allows blood to
flow back into the heart.
As a result, blood cannot move through
the heart or body efficiently, and it can put pressure on the chambers of the
heart. In time, the heart can become enlarged, and heart failure can result.
Mitral valve
prolapse
This happens when the valve flaps of
the mitral valve do not close properly. Instead, they bulge into the left
atrium. This can cause a heart murmur.
Mitral valve prolapse is not
usually life threatening, but some people may need to receive treatment for it.
Genetic factors and connective tissue
problems can cause this condition, which affects around 2% of the
population.
Aortic stenosis
In aortic stenosis, the pulmonary
valve is thick or fused and does not open correctly. This makes it hard for the
heart to pump blood from the left ventricle into the aorta.
A person may be born with it due to congenital
anomalies of the valve, or it may develop over time due to calcium deposits or
scarring.
Enlarged Heart (Cardiomegaly)
An
enlarged heart can have various causes. But it's usually caused by hypertension
or coronary artery disease. The term "cardiomegaly" refers to an enlarged heart
seen on any imaging test, including a chest X-ray. Other tests are then needed
to diagnose the condition that's causing the heart to be enlarged.
Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation is an
irregular and often rapid heart rate that can increase your risk of strokes,
heart failure and other heart-related complications.
During atrial
fibrillation, the heart's two upper chambers (the atria) beat chaotically and
irregularly — out of coordination with the two lower chambers (the ventricles)
of the heart. Atrial fibrillation symptoms often include heart palpitations,
shortness of breath and weakness. Although
atrial fibrillation itself usually isn't life-threatening, it is a serious
medical condition that sometimes requires emergency treatment.
Heart Valve Disease
In heart valve disease,
one or more of the valves in your heart doesn't work properly.
Your heart has four
valves that keep blood flowing in the correct direction. In some cases, one or
more of the valves don't open or close properly. This can cause the blood flow
through your heart to your body to be disrupted.
Your heart valve disease
treatment depends on the heart valve affected and the type and severity of the
valve disease. Sometimes heart valve disease requires surgery to repair or
replace the heart valve.
Sudden Cardiac Death
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a sudden, unexpected death caused by loss of heart function (sudden cardiac arrest). Sudden cardiac death is the largest cause of natural death in the United States, causing about 325,000 adult deaths in the United States each year. Sudden cardiac death is responsible for half of all heart disease deaths.
Heart Muscle Disease (Cardiomyopathy)
Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart
muscle that makes it harder for your heart to pump blood to the rest of your
body. Cardiomyopathy can lead to heart failure.
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is a
condition where the chambers of the heart become stiff over time. Though the
heart is able to squeeze well, it's not able to relax between beats normally.
This makes it harder for the heart to fill with blood.
Pericarditis
Pericarditis is inflammation of the
pericardium, a sac-like structure with two thin layers of tissue that surround
the heart to hold it in place and help it work. A small amount of fluid keeps
the layers separate so there’s less friction between them as the heart beats.
Pericardial Effusion
Pericardial effusion is the buildup of
extra fluid in the space around the heart. If too much fluid builds up, it can
put pressure on the heart. This can prevent it from pumping normally.
Marfan Syndrome
Marfan syndrome is an inherited disorder
that affects connective tissue — the fibers that support and anchor your organs
and other structures in your body. Marfan syndrome most commonly affects the
heart, eyes, blood vessels and skeleton.
Heart Murmurs
Most
heart murmurs are innocent: They are caused by blood flowing through healthy
valves in a healthy heart and do not require treatment. However, heart murmurs
can be caused by blood flowing through a damaged or overworked heart valve.
Endocarditis
Endocarditis is a life-threatening inflammation of the inner lining of
your heart's chambers and valves. Endocarditis is usually caused by an
infection. Bacteria, fungi or other germs from another part of your body, such
as your mouth, spread through your bloodstream and attach to damaged areas in
your heart.
Symptoms
The symptoms of heart disease depend
on the specific type a person has. Also, some heart conditions cause no
symptoms at all.
That said, the following symptoms may indicate
a heart problem:
- angina, or
chest pain
- difficulty
breathing
- fatigue and
lightheadedness
- swelling
due to fluid retention, or edema
In
children, the symptoms of a congenital heart defect may include cyanosis, or
a blue tinge to the skin, and an
inability to exercise.
Some signs and symptoms that could indicate
heart attack include:
- chest pain
- breathlessness
- heart palpitations
- nausea
- stomach pain
- sweating
- arm, jaw, back, or leg pain
- a choking sensation
- swollen ankles
- fatigue
- an irregular heartbeat
Heart
attack can lead to cardiac arrest, which is when the heart stops and the body
can no longer function. A person needs immediate medical attention if they have
any symptoms of a heart attack.
If
cardiac arrest occurs, the person will need Trusted Source:
- immediate medical help (call 108)
- immediate cardiopulmonary resuscitation
- a shock from an automated external defibrillator, if available
Causes
and risk factors
Heart
disease develops when there is:
- damage
to all or part of the heart
- a
problem with the blood vessels leading to or from the heart
- a
low supply of oxygen and nutrients to the heart
- a
problem with the rhythm of the heart
In some cases, there is a genetic cause.
However, some lifestyle factors and medical conditions can also increase the
risk. These include:
- high blood pressure
- high cholesterol
- smoking
- a high intake of alcohol
- overweight and obesity
- diabetes
- a family history of heart
disease
- dietary choices
- age
- a history of preeclampsia during
pregnancy
- low activity levels
- sleep apnea
- high stress and anxiety levels
- leaky heart valves
The World Health Organization (WHO)
Trusted Source mentions
poverty and stress as two key factors contributing to a global increase in
heart and cardiovascular disease.
Diagnosis
& Tests
Exactly
when do you go from having risk factors to having heart disease? These links
take you to information on the tests a doctor uses to diagnose heart disease.
Heart Disease Diagnosis
The
first step is getting a doctor's exam. Here's a description of what the doctor
will do.
How Do You Know if You
Have Heart Disease?
Here's
how to know if you will need the essential medical care that comes with a
heart disease diagnosis -- to stabilize the condition immediately, control symptoms
over the long term, and cure the disease when possible.
The Basics of EKG
An electrocardiogram
records the electrical signals in your heart. It's a common and painless test
used to quickly detect heart problems and monitor your heart's health.
Electrocardiograms — also
called ECGs or EKGs — are often done in a doctor's office, a clinic or a
hospital room. ECG machines are standard equipment in operating rooms
and ambulances. Some personal devices, such as smart watches, offer ECG monitoring.
Ask your doctor if this is an option for you.
Chest X-Ray
A chest X-ray uses a focused beam of
radiation to look at your heart, lungs and bones.
Stress Test
A stress test, also called
an exercise stress test, shows how your heart works during physical activity.
Because exercise makes your heart pump harder and faster, an exercise stress
test can reveal problems with blood flow within your heart.
A stress test usually
involves walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike while your heart
rhythm, blood pressure and breathing are monitored.
Tilt Table Test
A tilt table test is used
to evaluate the cause of unexplained fainting.
Your doctor might recommend a tilt table test if you have repeated, unexplained episodes of lightheadedness, dizziness or fainting. The test can help determine if the cause is related to your heart rate or blood pressure.
Echocardiogram
An echocardiogram uses sound waves to
produce images of your heart. This common test allows your doctor to see your
heart beating and pumping blood. Your doctor can use the images from an
echocardiogram to identify heart disease.
Cardiac Catheterization
Cardiac catheterization -- also called a coronary angiogram -- means
running a catheter into your heart. Cardiac catheterization (also called cardiac cath or coronary angiogram)
is an invasive imaging procedure that allows your doctor to evaluate your heart
function. Cardiac catheterization is used to:
- Evaluate or confirm the
presence of coronary artery disease, valve disease or disease of the
aorta - Evaluate heart muscle function
- Determine the need for further treatment
Electrophysiology Test
An electrophysiological study is a test used to evaluate your heart's
electrical system and to check for abnormal heart rhythms.
Natural electrical impulses coordinate contractions of the different
parts of the heart. This helps keep blood flowing the way it should. This
movement of the heart creates the heartbeat, or heart rhythm.
CT Heart Scan
Computed
tomography (CT scan) of the heart can visualize your heart’s anatomy.
Calcium-score heart scan and coronary CT angiography are just a few types used
to diagnose heart disease.
Myocardial Biopsy
Myocardial biopsy is the removal of a
small piece of heart muscle for examination. Myocardial biopsy is done through
a catheter that is threaded into your heart (cardiac catheterization). The procedure will take
place in a hospital radiology department, special procedures room, or cardiac
diagnostics laboratory.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses
magnets and radio waves to capture images inside your body without making a
surgical incision. It allows your doctor to see the soft tissues in your body,
along with your bones.
An MRI can be performed on any part of
your body. However, a heart or cardiac MRI looks specifically at your heart and
nearby blood vessels.
A Heart
MRI is a common test used to assess and diagnose several conditions. Some of
these include:
- congenital
heart defects
- coronary
heart disease
- damage
from a heart attack
- heart
failure
- heart
valve defects
- inflammation of the membrane around the heart (pericarditis)
Pericardiocentesis
Pericardiocentesis is a procedure done
to remove fluid that has built up in the sac around the heart (pericardium).
It's done using a needle and small catheter to drain excess fluid.
Coronary angiography
This is a procedure that widens narrow or blocked coronary arteries. It is often combined with the insertion of a stent, which is a wire-mesh tube that allows easier blood flow.
Treatments
Lifestyle changes. The same habits that help prevent
heart disease also treat heart disease. Those include losing weight if you're
overweight or obese, exercising regularly, eating a
heart-healthy plant-based diet, getting adequate sleep, reducing
stress, and quitting smoking.
The treatment options will vary
depending on the type of heart disease a person has, but some common strategies
include making lifestyle changes, taking medications and undergoing surgery.
The following sections look at some of
these options in more detail.
Interventions
CPR
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is a lifesaving
technique that's useful in many emergencies, such as a heart attack or near
drowning, in which someone's breathing or heartbeat has stopped.
Stents
A stent
is a tiny tube that your doctor can insert into a blocked passageway to keep it
open. The stent restores the flow of blood or other fluids, depending on where
it’s placed.
Stents
are made of either metal or plastic. Stent grafts are larger stents used for
larger arteries. They may be made of a specialized fabric. Stents can also be
coated with medication to help keep a blocked artery from closing.
Stents
are usually needed when plaque blocks a blood vessel. Plaque is made of cholesterol
and other substances that attach to the walls of a vessel.
Angioplasty and Stents
Angioplasty is a procedure that uses very little cutting
to open blocked heart arteries. Stents can be put in during angioplasty.
Heart Bypass Surgery
This can treat heart disease when your coronary arteries
are blocked. Your doctor may treat the problem by giving the blood a new
pathway to the heart.
Valve Disease Treatment
When your heart valve disease needs attention, it can be
treated by traditional surgery or by balloon valvuloplasty, which doesn't
require as much cutting.
Cardioversion
For
many people with heart disease, drugs alone won’t turn an arrhythmia into a
normal heart rhythm. These people may need a procedure called cardioversion or
electrical cardioversion.
EECP
This
can help stimulate blood vessels to develop small branches, creating a natural
bypass around narrowed or blocked arteries that cause chest pain.
Pacemakers
It’s
a small device that sends electrical impulses to the heart muscle to keep up a
suitable heart rate and rhythm. A pacemaker may also treat fainting spells
(syncope), congestive heart failure, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Implantable Cardioverter
Defibrillators (ICD)
An
ICD, or implantable cardioverter defibrillator, can treat abnormal heart
rhythms.
Lead Extraction
That’s
removal of one or more leads from inside the heart. Leads that are placed
outside the heart during open heart surgery cannot be removed by this
procedure.
Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD)
It’s
a kind of mechanical heart. A surgeon would place it inside your chest. It
would help the heart pump oxygen-rich blood throughout the body.
Heart Transplant
A
person's diseased heart is replaced with a healthy donor's heart. The donor is
a person who has died and whose family has agreed to donate their loved one's
organs.
Medications
Various medications can help treat heart conditions. The main
options include:
- Anticoagulants: Also
known as blood
thinners, these medications can prevent
clots. They include warfarin and the direct oral anticoagulants
dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban.
- Antiplatelet
therapies: They are
a group of powerful medications that prevent the formation of blood clots.
These include aspirin, and they can also prevent
clots.
- Angiotensin-converting
enzyme inhibitors: Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are
heart medcines that widen, or dilate, your blood vessels to raise the
amount of blood your heart pumps and lower your blood pressure. These can help treat heart
failure and high blood pressure by causing the blood vessels to expand.
Lisinopril is one example.
- Angiotensin
II receptor blockers: These
heart drugs decrease certain chemicals that narrow blood vessels. That
allows blood to flow more easily through your body. These drugs also
decrease chemicals that cause salt and fluid to build up in the body. These can also control blood
pressure. Losartan is one example.
- Angiotensin
receptor neprilysin inhibitors: These can help unload the heart
and interrupt the chemical pathways that weaken it.
- Beta-blockers: Beta-blockers are one of the most widely prescribed
class of drugs to treat hypertension (high blood pressure). They are a
mainstay treatment for congestive heart failure.Metoprolol and other
medications in this class can reduce the heart rate and lower blood
pressure. They can also treat arrhythmias and angina.
- Calcium
channel blockers: These relax blood vessels and increase the supply
of blood and oxygen to the heart. They also reduce the heart's workload. These can lower blood pressure
and prevent arrhythmias by reducing the pumping strength of the heart and
relaxing the blood vessels. One example is diltiazem.
- Cholesterol-lowering
medications: Statins, such as atorvastatin, and other types of drugs can help reduce
levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the body.
- Digitalis: Preparations such as digoxin
can increase the strength of the heart’s pumping action. They can also
help treat heart failure and arrhythmias.
- Diuretics: You may hear these called water pills. They help
your body get rid of unneeded water and salt through urine. That makes it
easier for your heart to pump. It also helps control your blood pressure. These medications can reduce
the heart’s workload, lower blood pressure, and remove excess water from
the body. Furosemide (Lasix) is one example.
- Vasodilators: These are medications to lower blood
pressure.
They do this by relaxing the blood vessels. Nitroglycerin is one example.
These medications can also help ease chest pain. Learn more about vasodilation
here.
- Antiarrhythmics: These drugs treat abnormal heart rhythms caused by irregular electrical activity of your heart
- Aspirin Therapy: For more than 100 years, aspirin has been used as a pain reliever. Since the 1970s, aspirin has also been used to prevent and manage heart disease and stroke.
- Clot Buster Drugs: Also called thrombolytic therapy, these are a type of heart medication given in the hospital through the veins (intravenous) to break up blood clots.
- Nitrates: These are meds that treat angina in people with coronary artery disease. They also help ease chest pain caused by blocked blood vessels of the heart.
What
are some types of heart surgery?
· Coronary
artery bypass grafting (CABG). In CABG — the most common type of heart surgery — the surgeon
takes a healthy artery or vein from elsewhere in your body and connects it to
supply blood past the blocked coronary artery. The grafted artery or vein
bypasses the blocked portion of the coronary artery, creating a new path for
blood to flow to the heart muscle. Often, this is done for more than one
coronary artery during the same surgery. CABG is sometimes referred to as heart
bypass or coronary artery bypass surgery.
· Heart
valve repair or replacement. Surgeons either repair the valve or replace it with an artificial valve
or with a biological valve made from pig, cow, or human heart tissue. One
repair option is to insert a catheter through a large blood vessel, guide it to
the heart, and inflate and deflate a small balloon at the tip of the catheter
to widen a narrow valve. A surgeon can replace or repair a valve that
is not functioning correctly.
· Insertion
of a pacemaker or an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). Medicine is usually the first treatment
option for arrhythmia, a condition in which the heart beats too fast, too slow
or with an irregular rhythm. If medication does not work, a surgeon may implant
a pacemaker under the skin of the chest or abdomen, with wires that connect it
to the heart chambers. The device uses electrical pulses to control the heart
rhythm when a sensor detects that it is abnormal. An ICD works similarly, but
it sends an electric shock to restore a normal rhythm when it detects a
dangerous arrhythmia.
· Maze
surgery. The
surgeon creates a pattern of scar tissue within the upper chambers of the heart
to redirect electrical signals along a controlled path to the lower heart
chambers. The surgery blocks the stray electrical signals that cause atrial
fibrillation — the most common type of serious arrhythmia. A
surgeon can create new paths for electrical signals to pass through. This can
help treat atrial fibrillation.
· Aneurysm
repair. A weak section of
the artery or heart wall is replaced with a patch or graft to repair a balloon-like
bulge in the artery or wall of the heart muscle.
· Heart
transplant. The
diseased heart is removed and replaced with a healthy heart from a deceased
donor.
· Insertion
of a ventricular assist device (VAD) or total artificial heart (TAH). A VAD is a mechanical pump that supports
heart function and blood flow. A TAH replaces the two lower chambers of the
heart.
· Carotid endarterectomy During this procedure, a surgeon removes
plaque deposits from the carotid artery to prevent a stroke.
· Radiofrequency Ablation This procedure can treat a variety of heart
rhythm problems when medications do not work. A catheter is placed at the exact
site in the heart where electrical signals are stimulating the abnormal heart
rhythm. A mild radiofrequency energy is then transmitted, destroying selected
cells in a very small area.
· Percutaneous
Coronary Interventions [PCI]
Also known as angioplasty,
percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) involves threading a tube with a
deflated balloon attached through your veins up to your coronary arteries. The
balloon is then inflated to widen places in your arteries that are blocked to
allow the blood to flow through much more freely.
This procedure is often combined with
the placement of a stent, a wire mesh tube that helps keep the artery open
afterward. PCIs can also help lessen chest pain (angina) and open arteries in
your neck and brain if you're at risk of having a stroke.
Laser treatment
Transmyocardial
laser revascularization can help treat angina.
Prevention
Some lifestyle measures can help reduce the risk of heart disease. These include:
- Eating a balanced diet: Opt for a heart-healthy diet that is rich in fiber and favors whole grains and fresh fruits and vegetables. The Mediterranean diet and the DASH diet may be good for heart health. Also, it may help to limit the intake of processed foods and added fat, salt, and sugar.
- Exercising regularly: This
can help strengthen the heart and circulatory system, reduce cholesterol,
and maintain blood pressure. A person may wish to aim for 150 minutes
of exercise per week.
- Maintaining a moderate body weight: A healthy body mass index (BMI) is typically between 20 and 25. People can check their BMI here.
- Quitting
or avoiding smoking: Smoking
is a major risk factor for heart and cardiovascular conditions.
- Limiting
alcohol intake: Women
should consume no more than one standard drink Trusted Source per day, and men should consume
no more than two standard drinks per day.
- Managing
underlying conditions: Seek
treatment for conditions that affect heart health, such as high blood
pressure, obesity, and diabetes.
Taking
these steps can help boost overall health and reduce the risk of heart disease
and its complications.
Heart disease is a common health
problem.
There are several different types of
heart disease. Some stem from genetic problems and are not preventable.
In many cases, however, a person can
take steps to prevent heart disease and its complications. These steps include
following a healthy diet, getting plenty of exercise, and seeking advice when
the first symptoms of heart disease appear.
At last I would like to end my post by Lord Buddha statement "To keep the body in good health is a duty…otherwise we shall not be able to keep the mind strong and clear.”
Dr. Mayank Chandrakar is a writer also. My first book "Ayurveda Self Healing: How to Achieve Health and Happiness" is available on Kobo and Instamojo. You can buy and read.
For Kobo-
https://www.kobo.com/search?query=Ayurveda+Self+Healing
The second Book "Think Positive Live Positive: How Optimism and Gratitude can change your life" is available on Kobo and Instamojo.
Thank you for very detail information
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